Ethics Opinion 1182

Ethics Opinion 1182

1.23.2020

By Committee on Professional Ethics

New York State Bar Association

Wills

Committee on Professional Ethics

Opinion 1182 (01/23/2020)
Topic:  Disposition of Wills
Digest:  A lawyer may not dispose of wills even when the testators’ locations and/or circumstances are unknown.  A lawyer must safeguard the wills indefinitely unless the law provides an alternative.
Rules:  1.15(c)

FACTS

1. The inquiring lawyer is in possession of over five hundred wills where the testators’ whereabouts are unknown to the inquirer and/or cannot be discovered with due diligence.  The inquirer (or the inquirer’s firm) prepared some of these wills, but most came to be in the inquirer’s possession by reason of the inquirer’s succession to the practices of other lawyers (in some instances, lawyers who had themselves acquired practices and, with them, wills).  Among these wills are some prepared more than seventy years ago.2. The inquirer has conducted a due diligence search of office records, the internet, and the Surrogate’s Court in the county where the inquirer’s office is located in an attempt to find information about the testators, executors, or beneficiaries.  To date, these efforts have been to no avail and we accept the inquirer’s assertion that the prospect of discovering the information is unpromising.  The inquirer would like to dispose of the wills for which identifying information is lacking and unlikely to emerge.

QUESTION

3. May an attorney dispose of Wills, when after due diligence and significant passage of time the attorney is unable to learn the whereabouts or other circumstances of the testators?OPINION

4. Rule 1.15(c)(1) of the New York Rules of Professional Conduct (the “Rules”) provides that a lawyer shall “promptly notify a client or third person of the receipt of funds, securities, or other properties in which the client or third person has an interest.”  Rule 1.15(c)(2) – (4) requires the lawyer to preserve such property, keep complete records and render appropriate accounts, and to promptly pay or deliver the property as requested by the client or third person.  A will is a piece of property.

5. In N.Y. State 341 (1974), the Committee concluded that a lawyer who receives wills from an attorney who retires from the practice of law “holds them only as a custodian and that the firm was required to notify the lawyer’s clients of his retirement.”  We have indicated that a lawyer who comes into possession of a will by acquiring the practice of a retiring lawyer is required to take reasonable steps to locate and notify third persons, such as the testator, with an interest in the will.  N.Y. State 1035 (2014); see N.Y. State 1133 ¶ 9 (2017) (a lawyer “must maintain the files unless and until a client retrieves them or gives notice to the affected clients of some other disposition”).

6. We have not previously resolved the question presented here – that is, to outline a lawyer’s duties in the event that the lawyer is unable to locate the testator or another person with an interest in the will despite a lawyer’s reasonable efforts to do so.  The Rules do not explicitly answer that question.

7. In 1999, the New York City Bar Association’s Ethics Committee did address the issue under the N.Y. Code of Professional Responsibility (the “Code”), and in particular the Code’s DR 9-102(c), the language of which was identical to Rule 1.15.  In its Opinion 1999-05, the City Bar said that “as to those clients who cannot be located, the lawyer’s obligation to retain the Wills in safekeeping continues indefinitely or in accordance with law.”  In so concluding, the City Bar relied on Massachusetts Bar Association Opinion 76-7, which concluded that “if the lawyer, cannot find the testator and does not wish to deposit the will with the appropriate court, [the lawyer] remains obligated to use reasonable care to keep it secure.”

8. We agree with these opinions.  When, as here, an attorney is the custodian of wills – whether by reason of the attorney’s own practice or by succession to the practice of other lawyers through acquisition or otherwise – and cannot after due diligence locate a testator, the attorney must maintain the wills indefinitely or act as the law may allow.  Our jurisdiction stops at the corners of the Rules, so we have no charter to give legal advice, but we have opined that “[i]n general, when a lawyer is uncertain about what to do with property that he or she holds for safekeeping, the lawyer may seek judicial guidance”  N.Y. State 775 (2004).  Otherwise put, a lawyer may always seek court permission to dispose of property in accordance with law.

9. We note that Section 2507 of the Surrogate’s Court Procedure Act provides that the court “of any county upon being paid the fees allowed therefor by law shall receive and deposit in the court any will of a domiciliary of the county which any person shall deliver to it for that purpose and shall give a written receipt therefor to the person depositing it.”  The Law Practice Management Committee of this Association, in the second edition of its Planning Ahead Guide, explains (at App. 2C ¶ 12) that “[o]riginal wills and other original documents must be returned to clients and may not be destroyed or otherwise disposed of.  In the case of original wills, if you are unable to locate the clients after a diligent search, you may file such wills with the Surrogate’s Court (be aware of filing fees) or deposit them with an appropriate depository (e.g., the appropriate county bar association) and notify the clients in writing, addressed to their last known address”); see also id. App. 17 (“If a lawyer or law firm has retained original wills, they must be preserved or returned to the testators for safekeeping. Lawyers who retain original wills should make arrangements for someone else to safeguard them after they retire or cease practicing…Consider filing the wills in the local Surrogate’s court…Some County Bar associations offer will registries which may be useful. Another law office may be willing to retain the wills of a deceased or retired attorney”).

CONCLUSION

10. A lawyer may not dispose of Wills, whose testators’ locations and/or circumstances are unknown.  The Wills constitute property, and the lawyer must safeguard the Wills indefinitely unless the law affords the lawyer an avenue to file or otherwise dispose of the wills.

(20-19)

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• Ethics Opinion 1035New York State Bar Association Committee on Professional Ethics Opinion 1035 (11/14/14) Topic: Taking over practice of retiring attorney; obligations as to original wills Digest: A lawyer receiving an original will must take reasonable steps to locate and notify the testator or others with an interest in the will.  The lawyer may review or disclose confidential information from the will as necessary for its appropriate disposition, and may file the original will with the local surrogate’s court. Rules: 1.15(c), 1.6 FACTS 1. The inquiring lawyer has recently taken over the law practice of a retiring solo practitioner through a sale of the practice.  An agreement between the retiring lawyer and the inquirer provided, inter alia, that the inquirer assumed the obligation to notify the clients whose wills had been drafted by the retiring lawyer. 2. The inquirer received from the retiring lawyer original wills of his clients dating back to 1970.  Some of these wills were inherited when the retiring attorney took over the practices of other lawyers.  At the time the practice was sold, none of the testators were clients of the inquirer, and we assume that none have become clients of the inquirer since then. 3. The inquirer has no original files related to any of the wills dated between 1970 and 2000, nor does she know whether clients of practices taken over by the retiring lawyer were notified that he had taken over those practices.  Many of the wills contain phrases such as “I [name of testator], residing in the City of [named], State of New York,” and “to my [unnamed] children, if they survive me,” and do not include any more detailed address or beneficiary information. 4. The inquirer has painstakingly researched the whereabouts of the testators through Internet searches, obituaries, estate proceedings and real property records.  To the testators whose whereabouts could be confirmed, the attorney sent letters with a request that the testators contact her regarding the original wills. 5. The inquirer also has confirmed that some of the testators are deceased. Some of those had moved out of state before they died.  The inquirer has been unable to confirm whether other testators are still alive or whether they have moved out of state. 6. The inquirer also discovered that in some cases, estate proceedings were commenced in New York and in other jurisdictions, and those estate proceedings are now closed.  In some of those cases, the testators had newer wills that were probated.  In others, administrative proceedings were commenced because no wills were found. QUESTIONS 7. What is the lawyer’s obligation with respect to original wills when (a) the lawyer cannot determine the testator’s whereabouts; (b) administrative proceedings were filed because the petitioner did not know of the will, and that estate matter is closed; (c) probate proceedings were filed based upon a more recent will of the deceased, and that estate matter is closed; or (d) the testator has died and no estate proceedings have been filed? 8. May the lawyer file the original wills with the local surrogate’s court if she cannot determine the testator’s whereabouts? OPINION 9. The principal ethical obligations applicable to the inquiry are set forth in Rule 1.15(c) of the New York Rules of Professional Conduct (the “Rules”).  Rule 1.15(c)(1) provides that a lawyer shall “promptly notify a client or third person of the receipt of funds, securities, or other properties in which the client or third person has an interest.”  The Rule further requires the lawyer to preserve such property, keep complete records and render appropriate accounts, and promptly pay or deliver the property as requested by a client or third person entitled to receive it.  Rule 1.15(c)(2)-(4). 10. “The requirements of Rule 1.15(c) expressly apply to a lawyer who receives property in which a third person, who is not the client of the lawyer, has an interest.”  N.Y. State 1002 ¶3 (2014); cf. N.Y. City 1999-05 (interpreting prior Code of Professional Responsibility to require that lawyer in possession of original will, including successor to lawyer who drafted the will, must keep original will of a missing testator secure, comply with any legal obligations regarding that will, or, if appropriate, follow legal procedures to deposit the will with the court”).  However, Rule 1.15(c) applies only to property obtained incident to the lawyer’s practice of law. N.Y. State 1002 ¶3 (2014). 11. The obligation to protect confidential information is also relevant.  We have previously discussed confidentiality obligations of lawyers with respect to original wills.  In N.Y. State 341 (1974) we opined that an attorney who retires from practice may transfer clients’ executed wills to another attorney, but that “the receiving attorney holds them only as a custodian” rather than in an attorney-client relationship, and that it would “generally” be unethical for the receiving attorney to examine the wills without consent from the transferring lawyer’s clients. 12. More recently, we opined that a lawyer who received wills not from a client or during the representation of a client, but rather as his father’s executor, was not prohibited by Rule 1.6 from “accessing or disclosing the confidential information in the wills insofar as reasonably necessary to dispose of the wills.”  N.Y. State 1002 ¶¶ 8-9 (2014).  Although the lawyer did not represent those testators, and did not even come into possession of the wills incident to his practice, we followed N.Y. State 341 in recognizing certain imperatives of confidentiality.  In particular, we emphasized that “the lawyer should proceed carefully in order to only review or disclose information to the extent necessary for proper will disposal.”  N.Y. State 1002 ¶10. 13. We next apply these principles to this inquiry.  The importance of respecting confidentiality, and also the authority to access and disclose confidential information as necessary to dispose properly of the will, apply to the inquirer – who holds the wills as custodian incident to her law practice – just as they applied to the lawyer in N.Y. State 1002 who came into possession of wills other than incident to his practice.  Thus, even though there may well be confidential information in the wills, the inquirer may access or disclose that information as reasonably necessary to provide for appropriate disposition of the wills and ultimately of the property subject to those wills.  For that purpose, she may notify testators, executors, or beneficiaries of the wills. 14. The inquirer has not only the ability to take steps toward the proper disposition of the wills (even if it requires reviewing or disclosing confidential information), but also a responsibility to take at least one such step.  Rule 1.15(c) applies here because the wills in question constitute property in which third parties have an interest, and the inquirer obtained them incident to her practice of law.  Thus she would generally have an obligation to notify the testators of her receipt of their wills, even apart from having agreed with the retiring lawyer to do so.  15. We note two common-sense exceptions to that general obligation.  First, if the agreement for transfer of the practice had been different, and the retiring lawyer had been the one to notify his clients of the will transfers, then the notice requirement would have been satisfied.  The inquirer need not give an additional notice contemporaneous with and duplicative to a notice given by the retiring lawyer.  Cf. N.Y. State 341 (1974) (opining that when a lawyer who drafts and holds an original will later retires and transfers the will to the lawyer’s partners, the firm is not required to give the client notice that the lawyer has retired, and that the will is now in the firm’s possession, if the lawyer was already part of the firm at the time of the representation, or if the lawyer later joined the firm and the client had become aware of the lawyer’s membership in the firm). 16. Second, when Rule 1.15(c)(1) requires an attorney to give notice to a third person whose location is unknown, the attorney should take reasonable steps to locate and notify that person.  But the rule does not impose the impossible requirement of notifying someone who cannot be found.  Cf. Massachusetts Opinion 76-7 (stating that lawyer who succeeds to another’s practice, including files with wills that the prior lawyer’s clients requested be held for safekeeping, “is obligated to make a reasonable effort” to locate the testators).  Here the inquirer has made appropriate and extensive efforts to locate the testators and notify them of the existence and location of the wills.  Based on the facts as presented, it appears that she has exercised due diligence and has satisfied the requirements of the Rule. 17. The inquiry includes various scenarios as described in paragraph 7 above, but the basic ethical analysis is the same for each:  Rule 1.15(c)(1) requires the inquirer to notify those with an interest in the property received.  In some cases, the inquirer has successfully contacted the testator or executor and transferred the will.  In other cases, the inquirer has learned that the testator is deceased, but it still may be possible to locate third persons with an interest in the property that has been received by the inquirer.  Rule 1.15(c) requires her to notify such persons if it is reasonably possible to identify and locate them, and she may use information from the wills to try to do so.  All this remains true even if there have been administrative or probate proceedings and the estate has been closed.  Notifying administrators, executors or beneficiaries may not be an empty exercise if, for example, someone with an interest in the will should choose to pursue legal action. 18. Finally, the inquirer asks whether she may file the original will with the local surrogate’s court under section 2507 of the Surrogate’s Court Procedure Act.   We see no ethical bar to that practice.  As discussed in paragraph 12 above, even though the inquirer should be protective of confidential information in the wills, she is nevertheless free to make disclosures as reasonably necessary, and the statute explicitly protects the confidentiality of filed wills.   There may be good reasons to file the wills with surrogate’s court when the testators’ whereabouts cannot be determined.  The prudential benefits of filing with the court would depend on the facts and circumstances of the particular case.  In some circumstances, it might be prudent for the attorney to remain as custodian of the will. CONCLUSION 19. A lawyer who comes into possession of a will by acquiring the practice of a retiring lawyer is required to take reasonable steps to locate and notify third persons, such as the testator, with an interest in the will.  In certain circumstances the obligation is excused if the third person otherwise has the necessary information, such as if the retiring lawyer has provided the notice.  Although the lawyer newly in possession of the will may be holding it as a custodian rather than in an attorney-client relationship with the testator, the lawyer should nevertheless respect the confidentiality of information in the will.  The lawyer may, however, review or disclose confidential information in the will to the extent reasonably necessary to help ensure the will’s proper disposition, and the lawyer may file the will with the local surrogate’s court. (8-14)   1 This ethical obligation arises from receiving the property of others, but there can be contractual obligations as well.  In an opinion involving the retention of wills by the lawyer who had drafted them, we discussed agreements with clients: Whether the lawyer will maintain the original will and, if so, what additional obligations the lawyer will assume, are primarily matters to be agreed upon by the lawyer and client after consultation. …  Ordinarily, a lawyer would be obligated to carry out such contractual undertakings….  At least absent agreement to the contrary, there will ordinarily be an implied understanding that after the client’s death, if the lawyer has maintained the original will and, as far as the lawyer knows, there is no later valid one, the lawyer must take steps to ensure that the executor and/or beneficiaries are aware of the will’s existence. N.Y. State 724 (1999).  Here, while the inquirer has contractual obligations to the retiring lawyer, she never entered into agreements with the testators.   2 “The court of any county upon being paid the fees allowed therefor by law shall receive and deposit in the court any will of a domiciliary of the county which any person shall deliver to it for that purpose…” SCPA §2507(1); see SCPA §2507(3)(d) (providing for delivery of will to surrogate’s court if deposited with officer other than a surrogate).  There is a statutory fee for filing a will for safekeeping, “except that the court in any county may reduce or dispense with such fee.”  SCPA §2402(9)(v).  We are advised that some jurisdictions in New York permit an attorney to file such wills without fee, and that others require the attorney to remit a filing fee but could be amenable to a waiver of the fee.   3 See SCPA § 2507(2) (“will shall be enclosed in a sealed wrapper so that the contents thereof cannot be read … and shall not on any pretext whatever be opened, read or examined until delivered to a person entitled to it” under § 2507(3)).
• Ethics Opinion 1002New York State Bar Association Committee on Professional Ethics Opinion 1002 (3 31 14) Topic        Lawyer’s ethical obligations when in possession of lawfully
• Opinion 724
  A lawyer who drafts a client’s will should agree in advance whether the lawyer will maintain the original will for safekeeping and, if so, what obligations the lawyer will thereby assume.At least absent agreement to the contrary, if the lawyer has maintained the client’s original will, after the client’s death the lawyer must assure that the executor and/or beneficiaries are aware of its existence, unless the lawyer knows of a later valid will.Absent agreement, the lawyer has no obligation to take steps to learn of the client’s death or to file the original will with an appropriate court.However, the lawyer should clarify in advance whether or not the lawyer is to undertake these or other additional obligations and must comply with whatever agreement is made.